Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/hwatā́wā

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *hwa- (“self”) +‎ *tā́wā ~ *tāwnáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tā́wā ~ *tāwnás, from Proto-Indo-European *tḗwh₂-ō ~ *tuh₂-nés, from *tḗwh₂-s ~ *téwh₂-s (compare Proto-Indo-Iranian *táwHsiH (“power, strength”), from *téwh₂s-ih₂^[1]), *tewh₂- (“to be strong”). Cognate with Sanskrit स्वतवस् (svátavas, “valiant, inherently powerful”).

Noun

*hwatā́wā ~ *hwatāwnás m^[2]^[3]

lord, sovereign, king
god

Inflection

consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*hwatā́wā	*hwatā́wānā(w)	*hwatā́wānah
vocative	*hwatā́wan	*hwatā́wānā(w)	*hwatā́wānah
accusative	*hwatā́wānam	*hwatā́wānā(w)	*hwatā́wnah
instrumental	*hwatā́wnaH	*hwatā́wabʰyā(m)	*hwatā́wabʰiš
ablative	*hwatā́wnah	*hwatā́wabʰyā(m)	*hwatā́wabʰyaH
dative	*hwatā́wnay	*hwatā́wabʰyā(m)	*hwatā́wabʰyaH
genitive	*hwatā́wnah	*hwatā́waHāh	*hwatā́wnaHam
locative	*hwatā́wani	*hwatā́waHaw	*hwatā́wahu

Derived terms

*hwatā́wniH (“queen, lady, consort”)
*hwatā́wyah (“lord”)^[2]
- Proto-Scythian: *xʷaθyāwi^[4]
  - Proto-Sarmatian: *xućāw
    - Alanic: χουτζαυ (khoutzau /⁠*xučaw⁠/), χουτζαου (khoutzaou) (or ⭠ Caucasian, cf. Lezgian гъуцар (ġucar, “god”)^[5])
      - Ossetian: (“god”)
        Digor Ossetian: хуцау (xucaw)
        
        Iron Ossetian: хуыцау (x°ycaw)
- Bactrian: χοαδηο (khoadēo /⁠xwadēw⁠/) (see there for further descendants)
*friyahwatā́wyah (“devoted sovereign”)^[6]
- Bactrian: φρειχοαδηο (freikhoadēo /⁠frīxwadēw⁠/)
- Sogdian: 𐼾𐽀𐼷𐼶𐼴𐼰𐼴 (pryxwʾw /⁠friyaxwatāw⁠/)

Descendants

Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *xʷatāwā
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *xʷatāwa
    - Proto-Saka: *xʷato
      - Khotanese: *hvato
        ⇒ Old Khotanese: 𑀳𑁆𑀯𑀢𑀦 (hvatana), [script needed] (hvatäna, “Khotan”, literally “the (land of the) lords^[7]”)
        Late Khotanese: [script needed] (hvaṃna), 𑀳𑁆𑀯𑀦 (hvana), [script needed] (hvaṃ-)
        
        → Ashokan Prakrit: [script needed] (khotana-)
        
        → Middle Chinese: 于闐 (MC hju den|denH)
        
        → Proto-Sogdic: *xʷətan
        ⇒ Sogdian: 𐼲𐼴𐼹𐼻𐼷𐼸 (ɣwδnyk /⁠xutanik, xuδanik⁠/)
        
        → Tibetan: [script needed] (hu-ten), [script needed] (hu-den), [script needed] (huthen), [script needed] (yvu-then)
        
        → Tumshuqese: [script needed] (hvaḏane), [script needed] (hvaḏna)
    - Tumshuqese: [script needed] (hvatā-), [script needed] (hvata-, “lord^[8]”)
- Proto-Sogdic: *xʷətāw
  - Sogdian: (/⁠xutāw, xuδāw⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫇𐫤𐫀𐫇 (xwtʾw), 𐫟𐫤𐫀𐫇 (xtʾw), 𐫟𐫇𐫂𐫇 (xwβw)
    
    Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼇𐼚𐼀𐼇 (ɣwtʾw)
    
    Syriac script: ܚܘܕܐܘ (xwdʾw), ܚܘܕܘ (xwdw)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Parthian: 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫏 (xwdʾy /⁠xwadāy⁠/), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫗 (xwdʾwn /⁠xwadāwan⁠/)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian: 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫏 (xwdʾy /⁠xwadāy⁠/), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫗 (xwdʾwn), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫇𐫗 (xwdʾwwn /⁠xwadāwan⁠/)
  - Classical Persian: خدای (xudāy), خدا (xudā), خداوند (xudāwand, “lord; God”) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kuiper, F. B. J. (1976), “Old East Iranian dialects”, in Indo-Iranian Journal‎^[1], volume 18, numbers 3–4, Brill, page 249
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*h(u)u̯a- > *xᵛa-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 423
^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[2], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 103
^ Bailey, H. W. (1980), “Ossetic”, in Hatto, A. H., editor, The traditions (Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry), volume I, London, page 254
^ Abaev, V. I. (1985), “Alans”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, volume I, number 8, London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley, page 801‑803
^ Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*fri̯aina-, *fri̯āna-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 76
^ Bailey, H. W. (1982), The Culture of the Sakas in Ancient Iranian Khotan, Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies 1, ed. E. Yarshater, New York, esp. p. 3
^ Skjærvø, P. O. (1987), On the Tumshuqese "Karmavācanā" Text, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, pp. 77-90

[1] Kuiper, F. B. J. (1976), “Old East Iranian dialects”, in Indo-Iranian Journal‎^[1], volume 18, numbers 3–4, Brill, page 249

[ESIJa-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*h(u)u̯a- > *xᵛa-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 423

[3] Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[2], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 103

[4] Bailey, H. W. (1980), “Ossetic”, in Hatto, A. H., editor, The traditions (Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry), volume I, London, page 254

[5] Abaev, V. I. (1985), “Alans”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, volume I, number 8, London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley, page 801‑803

[6] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*fri̯aina-, *fri̯āna-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 76

[7] Bailey, H. W. (1982), The Culture of the Sakas in Ancient Iranian Khotan, Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies 1, ed. E. Yarshater, New York, esp. p. 3

[8] Skjærvø, P. O. (1987), On the Tumshuqese "Karmavācanā" Text, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, pp. 77-90

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