-ynge

Inherited from Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-West Germanic *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

• -eng, -enge, -ing, -inge, -ingue, -inng, -yng
• -ung, -unge (Early Middle English)

• IPA^(key): /-inɡ(ə)/
• IPA^(key): /-unɡ(ə)/ (Early Middle English, also)

-ynge

1. Forms gerunds or verbal nouns from verbs, usually referring to an action, but also in the following extended senses:
   1. An effect or result of an action.
   2. Something affected or originating from an action.
   3. Permission or capability to perform an action.
   4. Where or when an action occurs.
   5. Something that performs an action or used to perform an action.
2. Forms collective nouns from verbs, especially referring to a supply or reserve.

• During the Early Middle English period, terms formed with this suffix become modifiable by adverbs and capable of taking an object complement, thus acquiring a more verbal character than the Old English verbal noun in -ing, -ung, perhaps due to the influence of the present participle (see Etymology 2 below) and inflected infinitive in -enne or similar constructions in Old French.
• As in both Old English and Modern English, the verbal noun's subject is often in the genitive; the scholeres lernynge ("the scholar's learning").

• English: -ing, -in', -in
• Middle Scots: -ing, -yng
  • Scots: -in, -in', -ing
• Yola: -een, -en

• “-ing(e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 27 June 2018.
• Mustanoja, Tauno F. (1960), “Non-finite Forms of the Verb”, in A Middle English Syntax (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki; 23), volume I: Parts of Speech, Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, pages 566-578; republished at Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016, →DOI, →ISBN.

Inherited from Old English -ende, from Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz, from Proto-Indo-European *-onts.

Forms in -yng(e), -ing(e) are influenced by Etymology 1, perhaps supported by dissimilation of successive /nd/ sequences in forms such as fondende (“testing”), while forms in -and(e) are influenced by Old Norse -andi.

• -ing, -inge, -ingge, -yng, -yngge
• -end, -ende, -inde, -ynde (especially Early Middle English)
• -and, -ande (especially Northern, North Midlands)

• IPA^(key): /-inɡ(ə)/ (not Early Scots)
• IPA^(key): /-in/ (Northern or Late Middle English)
• IPA^(key): /-ɛnd(ə)/ (especially Early Middle English, Kent or Norfolk), /-ind(ə)/ (especially Early Middle English or West Midland)
• IPA^(key): /-an(d)/, /-and(ə)/ (especially Northern, North Midland, older London, or Norfolk)

-ynge

1. equivalent of English -ing; forms the present participle.

• English: -ing, -in', -in (fossilised -and, -ant)
• Middle Scots: -and, -an
  • Scots: -in, -an

• “-ing(e, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
• Jordan, Richard (1974),  Eugene Crook, transl., Handbook of the Middle English Grammar: Phonology (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 218)‎^[1], The Hague: Mouton & Co. N.V., →DOI, § 174, page 162.
• McIntosh, Angus; Samuels, M[ichael] L.; Benskin, Michael (2013) [1986], Michael Benskin, Margaret Laing, editors, eLALME: A Linguistic Atlas of Late Medieval English‎^[2], Edinburgh: Angus McIntosh Centre for Historical Linguistics; revised 2024 November.
• Mustanoja, Tauno F. (1960), “Non-finite Forms of the Verb”, in A Middle English Syntax (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki; 23), volume I: Parts of Speech, Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, page 548; republished at Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016, →DOI, →ISBN.
• Samuels, M[ichael] L.; Smith, J[eremy] J. (1981), “The Language of Gower”, in Neuphilologische Mitteilungen‎^[3], volume 82, number 3, Helsinki: Modern Language Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 298.

-ynge

1. alternative form of -yng