違う

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
ちが
Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Compound of (chi, road, way) +‎ 交う (kau, cross, exchange).[1] The kau changes to gau as an instance of rendaku ((れん)(だく)).[2]

First cited to the Kagerō Nikki of 974,[1] and likely extant earlier given the initial citing in 965 of derived form 違える (chigaeru, to keep something from happening)[1]

Similar, but not related, to tagau reading.[2]

Alternative forms

  • 異う

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 違う
Plain 違う がう [chìgáú]
Conjunctive 違って がって [chìgátté]
Perfective 違った がった [chìgáttá]
Negative 違わない がわない [chìgáwánáí]
Negative perfective 違わなかった がわなかった [chìgáwánáꜜkàttà]
Hypothetical conditional 違えば がえ [chìgáéꜜbà]
Past conditional 違ったら がった [chìgáttáꜜrà]
Imperative 違え がえ [chìgáé]
Volitional 違おう がお [chìgáóꜜò]
Desiderative 違いたい がいたい [chìgáítáí]
Formal 違います がいま [chìgáímáꜜsù]
Formal negative 違いません がいませ [chìgáímáséꜜǹ]
Formal volitional 違いましょう がいましょ [chìgáímáshóꜜò]
Formal perfective 違いました がいました [chìgáímáꜜshìtà]
Continuative 違い
違いに
がい
がいに
[chìgáí]
[chìgáí ní]
Negative continuative 違わず
違わずに
がわず
がわずに
[chìgáwázú]
[chìgáwázú ní]
Passive 違われる がわれる [chìgáwárérú]
Causative 違わせる
違わす
がわせる
がわす
[chìgáwásérú]
[chìgáwású]
Potential 違える がえる [chìgáérú]

Verb

(ちが) • (chigauちがふ (tigafu)?intransitive godan (stem (ちが) (chigai), past (ちが)った (chigatta))

Japanese verb pair
active (ちが)える
mediopassive (ちが)
  1. to be different; to differ (from something)
  2. another
  3. (in conversation) no, that is wrong / incorrect; that's not how it is
Usage notes

This is used to disagree with someone in conversation like "no", but it is softer than saying "no" in English.

Conjugation
Synonyms
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
たが
Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Compound of (ta, hand, bound form) +‎ 交う (kau, cross, exchange). The kau changes to gau as an instance of rendaku ((れん)(だく)).[2]

First cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE.[4]

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) [tàgáꜜù] (Nakadaka – [2])
  • IPA(key): [ta̠ɡa̠ɯ̟]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 違う
Plain 違う [tàgáꜜù]
Conjunctive 違って って [tàgáꜜttè]
Perfective 違った った [tàgáꜜttà]
Negative 違わない がわない [tàgáwáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 違わなかった がわなかった [tàgáwáꜜnàkàttà]
Hypothetical conditional 違えば えば [tàgáꜜèbà]
Past conditional 違ったら ったら [tàgáꜜttàrà]
Imperative 違え [tàgáꜜè]
Volitional 違おう がお [tàgáóꜜò]
Desiderative 違いたい がいた [tàgáítáꜜì]
Formal 違います がいま [tàgáímáꜜsù]
Formal negative 違いません がいませ [tàgáímáséꜜǹ]
Formal volitional 違いましょう がいましょ [tàgáímáshóꜜò]
Formal perfective 違いました がいました [tàgáímáꜜshìtà]
Continuative 違い
違いに

いに
[tàgáꜜì]
[tàgáꜜì nì]
Negative continuative 違わず
違わずに
がわ
がわずに
[tàgáwáꜜzù]
[tàgáwáꜜzù nì]
Passive 違われる がわれ [tàgáwáréꜜrù]
Causative 違わせる
違わす
がわせ
がわ
[tàgáwáséꜜrù]
[tàgáwáꜜsù]
Potential 違える がえ [tàgáéꜜrù]

Verb

(たが) • (tagauたがふ (tagafu)?intransitive godan (stem (たが) (tagai), past (たが)った (tagatta))

Japanese verb pair
active (たが)える
mediopassive (たが)
  1. (dated) be contrary to; go against; defy; disobey; violate (a rule)
    ()(たい)(たが)
    kitai ni tagau
    be contrary to an anticipation
    (てい)(せつ)(たが)
    teisetsu ni tagau
    defy a common theory
    ()(そく)(たが)
    kisoku ni tagau
    violate a rule
Conjugation
Synonyms
Antonyms

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 違・交”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Samuel E. Martin (1987), The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN
  3. ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, Nationwide Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
  4. ^ ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006