Table of neurotransmitter actions in the ANS
This is a table of neurotransmitter actions in the ANS (autonomic nervous system). It includes the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the visual system, the digestive system, the endocrine system, the urinary system, the reproductive system, and the integumentary system. Both effects of the sympathetic nervous system (adrenergic) and parasympathetic nervous system (muscarinic) are included.
Circulatory system
Heart
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
|---|---|---|
| cardiac output | β1, (β2): increases | M2: decreases |
| SA node: heart rate (chronotropic) | β1, (β2):[1] increases | M2: decreases |
| Atrial cardiac muscle: contractility (inotropic) | β1, (β2):[1] increases | M2: decreases |
| at AV node | β1: increases conduction increases cardiac muscle automaticity[1] | M2: decreases conduction Atrioventricular block[1] |
| Ventricular cardiac muscle | β1, (β2): increases contractility (inotropic) increases cardiac muscle automaticity[1] | --- |
Blood vessels
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
|---|---|---|
| vascular smooth muscle in general | α1:[2] contracts; β2:[2] relaxes | M3: relaxes[1] |
| renal artery | α1:[3] constricts | --- |
| larger coronary arteries | α1 and α2:[4] constricts[1] | --- |
| smaller coronary arteries | β2: dilates[5] | --- |
| arteries to viscera | α: constricts | --- |
| arteries to skin | α: constricts | --- |
| arteries to brain | α1:[6] constricts[1] | --- |
| arteries to erectile tissue | α1:[7] constricts | M3: dilates |
| arteries to salivary glands | α: constricts | M3: dilates |
| hepatic artery | α: constricts | --- |
| arteries to skeletal muscle | β2: dilates | --- |
| Veins | α1 and α2:[8] constricts β2: dilates | --- |
Other
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
|---|---|---|
| platelets | α2: aggregates | --- |
| mast cells - histamine | β2: inhibits | --- |
Respiratory system
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
|---|---|---|
| smooth muscles of bronchioles* | β2:[2] relaxes (major contribution) α1: contracts (minor contribution) | M3:[2] contracts |
✱ The bronchioles have no sympathetic innervation, but are instead affected by circulating adrenaline[1]
Visual system
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
|---|---|---|
| Pupil dilator muscle | α1: Dilates (causes mydriasis) | |
| Iris sphincter muscle | - | M3: contracts (causes miosis) |
| Ciliary muscle | β2: relaxes (causes long-range focus) | M3: contracts (causes short-range focus) |
Digestive system
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
|---|---|---|
| salivary glands: secretions | β: stimulates viscous, amylase secretions α1: stimulates potassium secretions | M3: stimulates watery secretions |
| lacrimal glands (tears) | β: stimulates protein secretion[9] | secretion of tears by stimulating muscarinic receptors (M3) |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidney | β1:[2] renin secretion | --- |
| parietal cells | --- | M1: Gastric acid secretion |
| liver | α1, β2: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis | --- |
| adipose cells | β1,[2] β3: stimulates lipolysis | --- |
| GI tract (smooth muscle) motility | α1, α2,[10] β2: decreases | M3, (M1):[1] increases |
| sphincters of GI tract | α1,[2] α2,[1] β2: contracts | M3:[2] relaxes |
| glands of GI tract | no effect[1] | M3: secretes |
Endocrine system
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
|---|---|---|
| pancreas (islets) | α2: decreases insulin secretion from beta cells, increases glucagon secretion from alpha cells | M3:[11][12] increases secretion of both insulin and glucagon.[11][12] |
| adrenal medulla | N (nicotinic ACh receptor): secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine | --- |
Urinary system
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
|---|---|---|
| Detrusor urinae muscle of bladder wall | β2,[2] β3:[13] relaxes | M3:[2] contracts |
| internal urethral sphincter | α1:[2] contracts | M3:[2] relaxes |
Reproductive system
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
|---|---|---|
| uterus | α1: contracts (pregnant[1]) β2: relaxes (non-pregnant[1]) | --- |
| genitalia | α1: contracts (ejaculation) | M3: erection |
Integumentary system
| Target | Sympathetic (muscarinic and adrenergic) | Parasympathetic |
|---|---|---|
| sweat gland secretions | α1: stimulates (minor contribution) | M:[2] stimulates (major contribution) |
| arrector pili | α1: stimulates | --- |
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 H. P. Rang; M. Maureen Dale (2003). H. P. Rang (ed.). Pharmacology 5th ed. Churchill Livingstone. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-443-07145-4.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Costanzo, Linda S. (2007). Physiology. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7817-7311-9.
- ↑ Schmitz, JM; Graham, RM; Sagalowsky, A; Pettinger, WA (1981). "Renal alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors: Biochemical and pharmacological correlations". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 219 (2): 400–6. PMID 6270306.
- ↑ Woodman, OL; Vatner, SF (1987). "Coronary vasoconstriction mediated by alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in conscious dogs". The American Journal of Physiology. 253 (2 Pt 2): H388–93. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.2.H388. PMID 2887122.
- ↑ Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-443-07145-4.
- ↑ Circulation & Lung Physiology I Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine M.A.S.T.E.R. Learning Program, UC Davis School of Medicine
- ↑ Morton, J S; Daly, C J; Jackson, V M; McGrath, J C (2009). "Α1A-Adrenoceptors mediate contractions to phenylephrine in rabbit penile arteries". British Journal of Pharmacology. 150 (1): 112–20. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706956. PMC 2013850. PMID 17115072.
- ↑ Elliott, J. (1997). "Alpha-adrenoceptors in equine digital veins: Evidence for the presence of both alpha1 and alpha2-receptors mediating vasoconstriction". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 20 (4): 308–17. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00078.x. PMID 9280371.
- ↑ Mauduit, P; Herman, G; Rossignol, B (1984). "Protein secretion induced by isoproterenol or pentoxifylline in lacrimal gland: Ca2+ effects". The American Journal of Physiology. 246 (1 Pt 1): C37–44. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1984.246.1.C37. PMID 6320658.
- ↑ Sagrada, A; Fargeas, M J; Bueno, L (1987). "Involvement of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the postlaparotomy intestinal motor disturbances in the rat". Gut. 28 (8): 955–9. doi:10.1136/gut.28.8.955. PMC 1433140. PMID 2889649.
- 1 2 Poretsky, Leonid (2010). "Parasympathetic Nerves". Principles of diabetes mellitu. New York: Springer. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-387-09840-1.
- 1 2 Duttaroy, A.; Zimliki, C. L.; Gautam, D.; Cui, Y.; Mears, D.; Wess, J. (2004). "Muscarinic Stimulation of Pancreatic Insulin and Glucagon Release is Abolished in M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Deficient Mice". Diabetes. 53 (7): 1714–20. doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1714. PMID 15220195.
- ↑ Kullmann, F. A.; Limberg, B. J.; Artim, D. E.; Shah, M.; Downs, T. R.; Contract, D.; Wos, J.; Rosenbaum, J. S.; De Groat, W. C. (2009). "Effects of 3-Adrenergic Receptor Activation on Rat Urinary Bladder Hyperactivity Induced by Ovariectomy". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 330 (3): 704–17. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.155010. PMC 2729793. PMID 19515967.