Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5

Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Betacoronavirus
Subgenus: Merbecovirus
Species:
Betacoronavirus pipistrelli

Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 (Bat-CoV HKU5) is an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+)ssRNA mammalian Group 4 Betacoronavirus discovered among Japanese pipistrelles in Hong Kong. This strain of coronavirus is closely related to the MERS-CoV responsible for the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus outbreaks in Saudi Arabia, Jordan, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy.[1][2][3]

Transmission

The exact means of transmission to humans is not yet well known. However, it has been demonstrated that betaCoV's including HKU5 have the propensity to recombine and cause interspecies transmission. Transmission has not been seen in Group C betaCov's to which MERS-CoV is most closely related.[4] All HKU5 coronaviruses have been shown to use ACE2 from their natural host species, Pipistrellus abramus, to infect their hosts.[5][6] The lineage 2 of this virus (HKU5-CoV-2) has been isolated from bats in China in 2025 and, similar to some HKU5 lineage 1 viruses [7][8], was shown to be capable of using the human ACE2 receptor when exogenous trypsin was included during the infection.[9]

Predicted SSHHPS

SSHHPS are short stretches of homologous host-pathogen sequences found in the protease cleavage sites of the viral polyprotein. SSHHPS appear to be related to the virus-induced phenotype in humans.[10] Analysis of the PLpro SSHHPS in HKU5 identified hits related to neurodevelopmental disorders, epilepsy, seizures, respiratory effects, lung inflammation, spinocerebellar ataxia, microphthalmia, ocular abnormalities, IBS, anhidrosis, hydrocephalus, hearing loss, elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit, skeletal dysplasia, microcephaly, nephrotic syndrome, among others. ADGRA2 was among the predictions. [11]

Recombination of HKU5-CoV-2 genome

Using linkage disequilibrium method, HKU5-CoV-2 genome was detected to have undergone RNA recombination, which caused the change of the receptor binding domain and furin cleavage site of viral spike protein. This alteration may extend the host tropism and range of HUK5-CoV-2 and increase infectivity. [12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Woo PC, Lau SK, Li KS, Tsang AK, Yuen KY (November 2012). "Genetic relatedness of the novel human group C betacoronavirus to Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 and Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5". Emerging Microbes & Infections. 1 (11): e35. doi:10.1038/emi.2012.45. PMC 3630921. PMID 26038405.
  2. ↑ Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA (November 2012). "Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 367 (19): 1814–1820. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1211721. hdl:1765/63498. PMID 23075143.
  3. ↑ Woo PC, Lau SK, Li KS, Poon RW, Wong BH, Tsoi HW, et al. (July 2006). "Molecular diversity of coronaviruses in bats". Virology. 351 (1): 180–187. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.02.041. PMC 7111821. PMID 16647731.
  4. ↑ Woo PC, Huang Y, Lau SK, Yuen KY (August 2010). "Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis". Viruses. 2 (8): 1804–1820. doi:10.3390/v2081803. PMC 3185738. PMID 21994708.
  5. ↑ LETKO M (14 March 2024). "Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor use for merbecoviruses". bioRxiv 10.1101/2024.03.13.584892.
  6. ↑ Catanzaro, NJ, Wu, Z, Fan, C, et al. (May 2025). "ACE2 from Pipistrellus abramus bats is a receptor for HKU5 coronaviruses". Nature Communications. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60286-3. PMC 12119886. PMID 40436893.
  7. ↑ Menachery V, Dinnon KH, Yount BL, McAnarney ET, Gralinski L, Hale A, et al. (14 February 2020). "Trypsin treatment unlocks barrier for zoonotic bat coronavirus infection". Journal of Virology. doi:10.1128/JVI.01774-19. PMC 7022341. PMID 31801868.
  8. ↑ Catanzaro, NJ, Wu, Z, Fan, C, et al. (May 2025). "ACE2 from Pipistrellus abramus bats is a receptor for HKU5 coronaviruses". Nature Communications. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60286-3. PMC 12119886. PMID 40436893.
  9. ↑ Chen J, Zhang W, Li Y, Liu C, Dong T, Chen H, et al. (February 2025). "Bat-infecting merbecovirus HKU5-CoV lineage 2 can use human ACE2 as a cell entry receptor". Cell. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.01.042. PMID 39970913.
  10. ↑ Reynolds ND, Aceves NM, Liu JL, Compton JR, Leary DH, Freitas BT, et al. (June 2021). "The SARS-CoV-2 SSHHPS Recognized by the Papain-like Protease". ACS Infectious Diseases. 7 (6): 1483–1502. doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00866. hdl:1805/27969. PMC 8171221. PMID 34019767.
  11. ↑ Doctor KZ, Gilmour E, Recarte M, Beatty TR, Shifa I, Stangel M, et al. (February 2023). "Automated SSHHPS Analysis Predicts a Potential Host Protein Target Common to Several Neuroinvasive (+)ssRNA Viruses". Viruses. 15 (2): 542. doi:10.3390/v15020542. PMC 9961674. PMID 36851756.
  12. ↑ Yeh TY, Tsai V, Liao SM, Hong CE, Kuo FY, Wang YC, et al. (August 2025). "Recombination alters the receptor binding and furin cleavage site in novel bat-borne HKU5-CoV-2 coronavirus". Microbiology Spectrum. doi:10.1128/spectrum.01420-25. PMC 12502745. PMID 40879402.
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