Part-1:
See if the following steps help:
sudo dpkg-reconfigure $(dpkg -l | grep indicator-sound | awk '{print $2}' | tr '\n' ' ')
sudo update-initramfs -u
Reboot the system.
Still no sound indicator? Then try reinstalling it:
sudo apt-get -f install --reinstall indicator-sound indicator-sound-gtk2
Reboot the system.
Original answer here: https://askubuntu.com/a/363369/298860
Part-2: (Update)
sudo apt-get remove --purge alsa-base
sudo apt-get remove --purge pulseaudio
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
sudo reboot
Then ...
sudo apt-get install alsa-base
sudo apt-get install pulseaudio
sudo alsa force-reload
sudo reboot
If one reboot doesn't do the trick, reboot a couple of times! (No, seriously!)