bwrw

Welsh

Etymology

From Middle Welsh bwrw, from Proto-Brythonic *burɣid, from Proto-Celtic *borgīti (compare Old Irish ·díbairg (throws)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti, an "eye"-causative form of *bʰerǵʰ- (to rise up, elevate).[1]

Pronunciation

Verb

bwrw (first-person singular present bwriaf)

  1. to cast, to throw
    Synonyms: taflu, lluchio, hyrddio
  2. to chuck, to throw away
    Synonym: taflu ymaith
  3. to throw down, to overthrow, to overcome
    Synonyms: bwrw i lawr, dymchwel, gorchfygu
  4. to hit, to strike
    Synonyms: taro, curo
  5. (weather) to precipitate
    Mae hi'n bwrw glaw
    It's raining
    (literally, “It's casting rain”)
  6. (of animals) to give birth to, to whelp, calve, etc.
    Synonyms: esgor â, dod â, llydnu, geni

Conjugation

Conjugation of bwrw (literary)
singular plural impersonal
first second third first second third
present indicative/future bwriaf bwri bwria bwriwn bwriwch bwriant bwrir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/conditional bwriwn bwrit bwriai bwriem bwriech bwrient bwrid
preterite bwriais bwriaist bwriodd bwriasom bwriasoch bwriasant bwriwyd
pluperfect bwriaswn bwriasit bwriasai bwriasem bwriasech bwriasent bwriasid, bwriesid
present subjunctive bwriwyf bwriech bwrio bwriom bwrioch bwriont bwrier
imperative bwra, bwria bwried bwriwn bwriwch bwrient bwrier
verbal noun bwrw
verbal adjectives bwriedig
Conjugation (colloquial)
inflected
colloquial forms
singular plural
first second third first second third
future bwria i,
bwriaf i
bwri di bwrith o/e/hi,
bwriff e/hi
bwriwn ni bwriwch chi bwrian nhw
conditional bwriwn i,
bwriswn i
bwriet ti,
bwriset ti
bwriai fo/fe/hi,
bwrisai fo/fe/hi
bwrien ni,
bwrisen ni
bwriech chi,
bwrisech chi
bwrien nhw,
bwrisen nhw
preterite bwriais i,
bwries i
bwriaist ti,
bwriest ti
bwriodd o/e/hi bwrion ni bwrioch chi bwrion nhw
imperative bwria bwriwch

Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Derived terms

Mutation

Mutated forms of bwrw
radical soft nasal aspirate
bwrw fwrw mwrw unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  1. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995), Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 55–56

Further reading

  • D. G. Lewis, N. Lewis, editors (2005–present), “bwrw”, in Gweiadur: the Welsh–English Dictionary, Gwerin
  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “bwrw”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies