Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-vъ
Proto-Slavic
Etymology 1
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-was, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós, one of the suffixes from the so-called Caland system. As with other simple suffixes, *-vъ could be agglutinated to other morphemes forming compound suffixes like *-avъ (e.g. *glupavъ ← *glupъ), *-ivъ (e.g. *adušivъ ← *aduxa), *-ovъ (e.g. *surovъ ← *syrъ).
Suffix 1
*-vъ
- From thematic declension of u-stem proto-adjectives, without independent base
- Deverbal, forming attributive adjectives
- *lajati (“to lurk, to ambush”) → *lěvъ (“left”)
- *perti (“to propel, to beat”) → *pravъ (“straight, right”)
- *merti (“to deprive, to die”) → *mьrtvъ (“dead”)
- *krojiti (“to fashion, to cut”) → *krivъ (“curved”)
- *sijati (“to shine, to shimmer”) → *sivъ (“gray”)
- *stojati (“to stand”) → *stojěvъ (“who used to be situated, stood”)
- (Extension) Denominal or deadjectival, forming possessive, pertaining or more expressive versions of the original adjective
Declension
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-vъ | *-va | *-vo |
| genitive | *-va | *-vy | *-va |
| dative | *-vu | *-vě | *-vu |
| accusative | *-vъ | *-vǫ | *-vo |
| instrumental | *-vomь | *-vojǫ | *-vomь |
| locative | *-vě | *-vě | *-vě |
| vocative | *-ve | *-vo | *-vo |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-va | *-vě | *-vě |
| genitive | *-vu | *-vu | *-vu |
| dative | *-voma | *-vama | *-voma |
| accusative | *-va | *-vě | *-vě |
| instrumental | *-voma | *-vama | *-voma |
| locative | *-vu | *-vu | *-vu |
| vocative | *-va | *-vě | *-vě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-vi | *-vy | *-va |
| genitive | *-vъ | *-vъ | *-vъ |
| dative | *-vomъ | *-vamъ | *-vomъ |
| accusative | *-vy | *-vy | *-va |
| instrumental | *-vy | *-vami | *-vy |
| locative | *-věxъ | *-vaxъ | *-věxъ |
| vocative | *-vi | *-vy | *-va |
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-vъjь | *-vaja | *-voje |
| genitive | *-vajego | *-vyję̇ | *-vajego |
| dative | *-vujemu | *-věji | *-vujemu |
| accusative | *-vъjь | *-vǫjǫ | *-voje |
| instrumental | *-vyjimь | *-vǫjǫ | *-vyjimь |
| locative | *-vějemь | *-věji | *-vějemь |
| vocative | *-vъjь | *-vaja | *-voje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-vaja | *-věji | *-věji |
| genitive | *-vuju | *-vuju | *-vuju |
| dative | *-vyjima | *-vyjima | *-vyjima |
| accusative | *-vaja | *-věji | *-věji |
| instrumental | *-vyjima | *-vyjima | *-vyjima |
| locative | *-vuju | *-vuju | *-vuju |
| vocative | *-vaja | *-věji | *-věji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-viji | *-vyję̇ | *-vaja |
| genitive | *-vъjixъ | *-vъjixъ | *-vъjixъ |
| dative | *-vyjimъ | *-vyjimъ | *-vyjimъ |
| accusative | *-vyję̇ | *-vyję̇ | *-vaja |
| instrumental | *-vyjimi | *-vyjimi | *-vyjimi |
| locative | *-vyjixъ | *-vyjixъ | *-vyjixъ |
| vocative | *-viji | *-vyję̇ | *-vaja |
Suffix 2
*-vъ m
- Deverbal, forming "factive" action nouns from imperfect verbs
- Deverbal, forming abstract or collective nouns from verbs
- From abstract nouns in *-st-, forms abstract neutral nouns. Equivalent to *-ьstvo (see there for examples)
- From causative verbs in *-iti, forms resultant or instrumental neutral nouns. Equivalent to *-ivo (see there for examples)
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-vъ | *-va | *-vi |
| genitive | *-va | *-vu | *-vъ |
| dative | *-vu | *-voma | *-vomъ |
| accusative | *-vъ | *-va | *-vy |
| instrumental | *-vъmь, *-vomь* | *-voma | *-vy |
| locative | *-vě | *-vu | *-věxъ |
| vocative | *-ve | *-va | *-vi |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-vъ
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Etymology 2
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-wṓs. Cognate with Lithuanian -us (Etymology 4).
Suffix
*-vъ
- Deverbal, forming past active participles
Declension
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-vъ | *-vъši | *-vъ |
| genitive | *-vъša | *-vъšę̇ | *-vъša |
| dative | *-vъšu | *-vъši | *-vъšu |
| accusative | *-vъšь | *-vъšǫ | *-vъ |
| instrumental | *-vъšemь | *-vъšejǫ | *-vъšemь |
| locative | *-vъši | *-vъši | *-vъši |
| vocative | *-vъšu | *-vъše | *-vъše |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-vъša | *-vъši | *-vъši |
| genitive | *-vъšu | *-vъšu | *-vъšu |
| dative | *-vъšema | *-vъšama | *-vъšema |
| accusative | *-vъša | *-vъši | *-vъši |
| instrumental | *-vъšema | *-vъšama | *-vъšema |
| locative | *-vъšu | *-vъšu | *-vъšu |
| vocative | *-vъša | *-vъši | *-vъši |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-vъše | *-vъšę̇ | *-vъša |
| genitive | *-vъšь | *-vъšь | *-vъšь |
| dative | *-vъšemъ | *-vъšamъ | *-vъšemъ |
| accusative | *-vъšę̇ | *-vъšę̇ | *-vъša |
| instrumental | *-vъši | *-vъšami | *-vъši |
| locative | *-vъšixъ | *-vъšaxъ | *-vъšixъ |
| vocative | *-vъši | *-vъšę̇ | *-vъša |
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-vъšьjь | *-vъšija | *-vъšeje |
| genitive | *-vъšajego | *-vъšę̇ję̇ | *-vъšajego |
| dative | *-vъšujemu | *-vъšiji | *-vъšujemu |
| accusative | *-vъšьjь | *-vъšǫjǫ | *-vъšeje |
| instrumental | *-vъšijimь | *-vъšǫjǫ | *-vъšijimь |
| locative | *-vъšijemь | *-vъšiji | *-vъšijemь |
| vocative | *-vъšьjь | *-vъšaja | *-vъšeje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-vъšaja | *-vъšiji | *-vъšiji |
| genitive | *-vъšuju | *-vъšuju | *-vъšuju |
| dative | *-vъšijima | *-vъšijima | *-vъšijima |
| accusative | *-vъšaja | *-vъšiji | *-vъšiji |
| instrumental | *-vъšijima | *-vъšijima | *-vъšijima |
| locative | *-vъšuju | *-vъšuju | *-vъšuju |
| vocative | *-vъšaja | *-vъšiji | *-vъšiji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-vъšeji | *-vъšę̇ję̇ | *-vъšaja |
| genitive | *-vъšьjixъ | *-vъšьjixъ | *-vъšьjixъ |
| dative | *-vъšijimъ | *-vъšijimъ | *-vъšijimъ |
| accusative | *-vъšę̇ję̇ | *-vъšę̇ję̇ | *-vъšaja |
| instrumental | *-vъšijimi | *-vъšijimi | *-vъšijimi |
| locative | *-vъšijixъ | *-vъšijixъ | *-vъšijixъ |
| vocative | *-vъšiji | *-vъšę̇ję̇ | *-vъšaja |
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Duridunov et al. (1991): "Наставки на -v-" in Граматика на Старобългарския език (in Bulgarian), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 178
- J. Halla-aho (2006): "u-stem adjectives" in Problems of Proto-Slavic Historical Nominal Morphology, University of Helsenki, p. 89