Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-kъ
Proto-Slavic
Etymology 1
Nominal suffix. From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kas, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos.
Suffix
*-kъ m
- Deverbal, forms token nouns (usually with o-grade)
- *porkъ (“sling”) ← *perti (“to propel, to strike”)
- *borkъ (“marriage”) ← *bьrati (“to pick, to collect”)
- *dorkъ (“scuffle; thornbush”) ← *dьrati (“to tear”)
- *znakъ (“sign, symbol”) ← *znati (“to know”)
- *zorkъ (“phantasm”) ← *zьrěti (“to watch, to observe”)
- *mǫka (“grief, hardship, torture”) ← archaic *mьňati (“to belittle, to grind”) (compare the l-extension *mělь (“finely ground”))
- From expressive or onomatopoetic interjections or verbs, forms onomatopoetic action nouns referring to the respective interjection or verb
- From verbs in a-theme declension or adjectives, forming agent nouns. Equivalent to *-akъ (see there for examples)
- From archaic ū-stem nouns, forms instruments or representations of the referred concept
- (Extension) From archaic i-stem nouns or adjectives. Equivalent to *-ьcь (see there for examples)
- (Extension) From archaic ŭ-stem nouns. Equivalent to *-ъkъ (see there for examples)
- (Extension) From masculine men-stem nouns. Neutral mn̥-stems, such as *plemę or *vermę, were usually not extended
- Extension of en-stem
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-kъ | *-ka | *-ci |
| genitive | *-ka | *-ku | *-kъ |
| dative | *-ku | *-koma | *-komъ |
| accusative | *-kъ | *-ka | *-ky |
| instrumental | *-kъmь, *-komь* | *-koma | *-ky |
| locative | *-cě | *-ku | *-cěxъ |
| vocative | *-če | *-ka | *-ci |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
See also
Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-kъ
Etymology 2
Adjectival suffix from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, usually attached to former u-stem or i-stem adjectives. Akin to Proto-Germanic *-ugaz, Proto-Germanic *-īgaz and Latin -ucus, Latin -īcus.
Suffix
*-kъ
- From basic prepositions
- (Extension) From former ŭ-stem adjectives, equivalent to *-ъkъ
- (Extension) From former i-stem adjectives, equivalent to *-ikъ
Declension
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-kъ | *-ka | *-ko |
| genitive | *-ka | *-ky | *-ka |
| dative | *-ku | *-kě | *-ku |
| accusative | *-kъ | *-kǫ | *-ko |
| instrumental | *-komь | *-kojǫ | *-komь |
| locative | *-kě | *-kě | *-kě |
| vocative | *-ke | *-ko | *-ko |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-ka | *-kě | *-kě |
| genitive | *-ku | *-ku | *-ku |
| dative | *-koma | *-kama | *-koma |
| accusative | *-ka | *-kě | *-kě |
| instrumental | *-koma | *-kama | *-koma |
| locative | *-ku | *-ku | *-ku |
| vocative | *-ka | *-kě | *-kě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-ki | *-ky | *-ka |
| genitive | *-kъ | *-kъ | *-kъ |
| dative | *-komъ | *-kamъ | *-komъ |
| accusative | *-ky | *-ky | *-ka |
| instrumental | *-ky | *-kami | *-ky |
| locative | *-kěxъ | *-kaxъ | *-kěxъ |
| vocative | *-ki | *-ky | *-ka |
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-kъjь | *-kaja | *-koje |
| genitive | *-kajego | *-kyję̇ | *-kajego |
| dative | *-kujemu | *-kěji | *-kujemu |
| accusative | *-kъjь | *-kǫjǫ | *-koje |
| instrumental | *-kyjimь | *-kǫjǫ | *-kyjimь |
| locative | *-kějemь | *-kěji | *-kějemь |
| vocative | *-kъjь | *-kaja | *-koje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-kaja | *-kěji | *-kěji |
| genitive | *-kuju | *-kuju | *-kuju |
| dative | *-kyjima | *-kyjima | *-kyjima |
| accusative | *-kaja | *-kěji | *-kěji |
| instrumental | *-kyjima | *-kyjima | *-kyjima |
| locative | *-kuju | *-kuju | *-kuju |
| vocative | *-kaja | *-kěji | *-kěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-kiji | *-kyję̇ | *-kaja |
| genitive | *-kъjixъ | *-kъjixъ | *-kъjixъ |
| dative | *-kyjimъ | *-kyjimъ | *-kyjimъ |
| accusative | *-kyję̇ | *-kyję̇ | *-kaja |
| instrumental | *-kyjimi | *-kyjimi | *-kyjimi |
| locative | *-kyjixъ | *-kyjixъ | *-kyjixъ |
| vocative | *-kiji | *-kyję̇ | *-kaja |
See also
Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-kъ
Etymology 3
Denotational suffix from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kas, itself from Proto-Indo-European *-kos or *-ḱos.
Suffix
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*-kъ
- From basic demostratives or particles, forms determiners for manner or amount. The neutral or feminine forms of these determiners could act as adverbs
- *takъ (“so that”) ← *tъ (“that one”)
- *jakъ (“such one”) ← *jь (“this one, previously mentioned”)
- *sicь (“such that”) ← *sь (“this one here”)
- *kakъ (“how”) ← *kъjь (“who”)
- *čakъ (“even so”) ← *čьjь (“which”)
- *vьśаkъ (“anyway”) ← *vьśь (“all”)
- *jьnаkъ (“otherwise”) ← *jьnъ (“other, different”)
- *tukъ (“here”) ← *tu (“here, demonstrative for location”)
- *dekъ (“where, so that”) ← *de (“locative particle”)
- *nekъ (“let/may it be so”) ← *ne (“negative particle”)
Declension
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *-kъ | *-ka | *-ko |
| Accusative | *-kъ | *-kǫ | *-ko |
| Genitive | *-kogo | *-koję̇ | *-kogo |
| Locative | *-komь | *-koji | *-komь |
| Dative | *-komu | *-koji | *-komu |
| Instrumental | *-cěmь | *-kojǫ | *-cěmь |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *-ka | *-cě | *-cě |
| Accusative | *-ka | *-cě | *-cě |
| Genitive | *-koju | *-koju | *-koju |
| Locative | *-koju | *-koju | *-koju |
| Dative | *-cěma | *-cěma | *-cěma |
| Instrumental | *-cěma | *-cěma | *-cěma |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *-ci | *-ky | *-ka |
| Accusative | *-ky | *-ky | *-ka |
| Genitive | *-cěxъ | *-cěxъ | *-cěxъ |
| Locative | *-cěxъ | *-cěxъ | *-cěxъ |
| Dative | *-cěmъ | *-cěmъ | *-cěmъ |
| Instrumental | *-cěmi | *-cěmi | *-cěmi |
References
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1976), “*bьrakъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 3 (*bratrьcь – *cьrky), Moscow: Nauka, page 160
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*dьraka”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 216
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*elъkъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 22
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ęčьmy”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 63
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ęčьmykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 64
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ęzykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 74
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1999), “язык”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 467
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “язык”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1983), “*kamykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 9 (*jьz – *klenьje), Moscow: Nauka, page 140
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1985), “*kremykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 12 (*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 123
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*měsęcь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 191
- Šanskij, N. M. (2004), “месяц”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1999), “песок”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 26
- Šanskij, N. M. (2004), “заяц”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa