Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/hijwáHkaH

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *hijwáH +‎ *-kaH. Parallel formation to Proto-Slavic *ęzỳkъ.

Noun

*hijwáHkaH f^[1]^[2]

tongue

Inflection

aH-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*hijwáHkaH	*hijwáHkay	*hijwáHkāh
vocative	*hijwáHkay	*hijwáHkay	*hijwáHkāh
accusative	*hijwáHkām	*hijwáHkay	*hijwáHkāh
instrumental	*hijwáHkaH, -ayaH	*hijwáHkaHbʰyā(m)	*hijwáHkaHbʰiš
ablative	*hijwáHkayaHh	*hijwáHkaHbʰyā(m)	*hijwáHkaHbʰyah
dative	*hijwáHkayaHi	*hijwáHkaHbʰyā(m)	*hijwáHkaHbʰyah
genitive	*hijwáHkayaHh	*hijwáHkayHāh	*hijwáHkaHnaHam
locative	*hijwáHkayaH	*hijwáHkayHaw	*hijwáHkaHhu

Descendants

Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *hizβāgā
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *hizβāɣa
    - Proto-Saka: *βiźźāa
      - Khotanese: [script needed] (biśāa /⁠βiź(ź)āa⁠/)
    - Wakhi: zik
  - Proto-Sarmatian: *izβāg
    - Alanic: *əvzag
      - Ossetian: ӕвзаг (ævzag)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: εζϐαγο (ezbago /⁠əzβāg⁠/)
  - Khwarezmian: زڤاک (zᵘβ’k /⁠zuβā́g⁠/), ازڤاک (’zβ’k /⁠əzβā́g⁠/)
  - Proto-Sogdic: *hizβākā
    - Sogdian: (/⁠zβāk, ᵊzβāk⁠/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫂𐫀𐫐 (zβʾk)
      Sogdian script: 𐼵𐼱𐼰𐼸 (zβʾk), 𐼰𐼵𐼱𐼰𐼰𐼸 (ʾzβʾʾk)
      Syriac script: ܙܒܐܩ (zβʾq)
    - Yaghnobi: зивок (zⁱvṓk)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Pathan:
  - Pashto: ژبه (žë́ba), جبه (jë́ba), زبه (zë́ba), ژېبه (žébá), ژبه (žəbba) (Waziri)
  - Waneci: [script needed] (zbə), [script needed] (zibə), [script needed] (zəbō)
- Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
  - Ishkashimi: [script needed] (zvůk), [script needed] (zьvůk)
  - Sanglechi: [script needed] (zəvū̆k)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
  - Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
    - Munji: [script needed] (zəvī́γ), [script needed] (zəvū́g)
    - Yidgha: [script needed] (zᵊvīγ), [script needed] (zɪbēγ)
  - Yazghulami: звег (zveg), зәвег (zəveg)

References

^ Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015), “Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry”, in Doctoral dissertation, University of California at Berkeley
^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 179

[1] Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015), “Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry”, in Doctoral dissertation, University of California at Berkeley

[Novák-2] Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 179

[1]

[2]