Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰerH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

  • *bʰerH-[1]

    2. to pierce
    3. to strike

    Extensions

    • *bʰer-dʰ-
      • Proto-Hellenic:

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerH- (pierce) (48 c, 0 e)
    • *bʰorH-(e)-ti (o-grade root present?)
    • *bʰér-ye-ti (with synchronic laryngeal deletion as in *wéryeti)[note 1]
      • Proto-Albanian: *berja (“to strike > to fall”)
      • Proto-Italic: *ferjō[2]
        • Latin: feriō (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰorH-ye-ti (o-grade ye-present?)
      • Proto-Germanic: *barjaną (see there for further descendants)[3]
    • *bʰorH-eh₂yé-ti
      • Proto-Italic: *forāō[4] (or from *bʰorH-ye-ti above?)[note 1]
        • Latin: forō (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰer-ano-
    • *bʰorH-ni-s
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *barˀnis (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰr̥H-eh₂
      • Proto-Germanic: *burō > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)
        • Old High German: bora
    • *bʰr̥H-en-
      • Proto-Celtic:
        • Old Irish: barae f (“anger, hostility”)[3]
    • *bʰr̥H-o-m
      • Proto-Germanic: *burą > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)
        • Old English: bor
        • Old Saxon: *bor
          • Middle Low German: bor
    • *bʰérH-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥-téy-s
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *búrˀtis
        • Lithuanian: bùrtis (“sign”)
        • Proto-Slavic: *bъrtь (“delving, carving (in a tree); beehive”) (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ *búrˀtas
          • Latvian: burts (“letter, mark”)
          • Lithuanian: bùrtas (“lot, (pl.) sorcery”)
          • Proto-Slavic: *bъrtъ

    Unsorted formations:

    • Proto-Albanian: *birjā
      • Albanian: birë (“hole, orifice, opening”)
    • Proto-Albanian: *brima[5]
    • Armenian:
    • >? Sanskrit: श्वभ्र (śvábhra)
    • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *burˀnāˀ (“snout”) (see there for further descendants)
    Notes
    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 De Vaan maintains that the root-final laryngeal was vocalized in Latin, against the controversial *CHY > *CY rule of which he makes no mention. To explain Latin feriō, he suggests that the laryngeal was lost prevocalically in other formations and that the new root *bʰer- was back-formed to those.

    References

    1. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 133–134
    2. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “feriō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 213: “PIt. *fer-je/o-”
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*barjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53
    4. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “forō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 235–236: “PIt. *foraje/o-”
    5. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “Proto-Indo-European/bʰerH-”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 163

    Alternative reconstructions

    Root

  • *bʰerH-[3][4]

    2. brown

    Notes

    Ringe doubts the existence of this root, stating "an actual PIE word of [the requisite] shape and meaning is not recoverable".[2]

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerH- (brown) (79 c, 0 e)
    • *bʰérH-ō ~ *bʰr̥H-nés[3] (possibly, alternatively perhaps from *ǵʰwer- (“wild (animal)”)[2])
      • Proto-Germanic: *berô (“bear”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰerH-o-s[4][3]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bērˀas (“bay, reddish brown”) (secondary lengthening[4])
    • *bʰérH-u-s ~ *bʰr̥H-éw-s[5] (possibly)
      • ⇒ *bʰruH-nó-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-nó-s)
        • Proto-Germanic: *brūnaz (“brown”)[6] (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Hellenic:
      • ⇒ *bʰruH-ró-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-ró-s)
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰruHrás[8]
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰruHrás
            • Sanskrit: *भ्रूर (*bhrūra)
          • Proto-Iranian: *buHráh (“reddish/yellowish-brown”)
            • Ossetian: (“yellow”)
              Digor Ossetian: бор (bor)
              Iron Ossetian: бур (bur)
            • Khotanese: [script needed] (baurakhä, “yellow leaf”)
            • Sogdian: (/⁠βōr⁠/, “blonde”)
              Syriac script: ܒܘܪ (βwr)
            • Yaghnobi: вур (vur, “brown”)
            • Yidgha: وور (vūr, “pale red”)
            • Baluchi: بور (/⁠bōr⁠/, “bay horse”)
            • Northern Kurdish: bor (“grey”)
            • Middle Persian: (/⁠bōr⁠/, “reddish-brown, bay [horse]”)
              Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwl)
              • ⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽳𐽾 (bor, “wine”)
              • Classical Persian: بور (bōr /⁠bōr⁠/, “reddish-brown”)
                Dari: بور (bōr /⁠bōr⁠/)
                Iranian Persian: بور (bur /⁠būr⁠/, “blonde, brown”)
                Tajik: бӯр (bür)
              • → Old Armenian: բորենի (boreni, “hyena”)
              • Northern Luri: بۊر (bur, “brown”)
      • ⇒ *bʰé-bʰr-u-s (“beaver”)[1][5][9] (possibly, or perhaps via *bʰé-bʰr̥ ~ *bʰi-bʰr-ós[10][11])
    • Unsorted formations:
      • Armenian:
        • Old Armenian: բորենի (boreni, “hyena”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959), “5. bher-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 136-137
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 106
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*beran-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 59-60
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Derksen, Rick (2015), “bėras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 87
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010), Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Vladimir Orel (2003), “*ƀrūnaz I”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 60
    7. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “φρύνη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1594
    8. ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “*bhrūra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
    9. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “bebras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 84-85
    10. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 265
    11. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bebura-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 57-58
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