Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skalkaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Of unknown origin, though the primary meaning of the root underlying the term may have been along the lines of "wry, wrong".[1] Orel prefers connecting the word to Proto-Slavic *xolkъ (“bachelor”) and *xolpъ (“brat; serf”), reconstructing the shared root as a Proto-Indo-European *skel-; he appears to favor equating this reconstruction with *(s)kelH- (“to cut”), taking the semantic development as "cut" > "maimed" > "servant".[2]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈskɑl.kɑz/

Noun

*skalkaz m[1][2]

  1. servant

Inflection

Declension of *skalkaz (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
nominative *skalkaz *skalkōz, *skalkōs
vocative *skalk *skalkōz, *skalkōs
accusative *skalką *skalkanz
genitive *skalkas, *skalkis *skalkǫ̂
dative *skalkai *skalkamaz
instrumental *skalkō *skalkamiz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *skalk
    • Old English: sċealc
      • Middle English: schalk, scalk, schalke, schalkke, shalk
        • English: shalk
        • Middle Scots: schalk, schak, schaik
    • Old Frisian: skalk
      • (West Frisian: ontschalken)
    • Old Saxon: skalk
      • Middle Low German: schalk (in compounds: erseschalk, marschalk, etc.)
    • Old Dutch: scalc
    • Old High German: skalk, scalc, scalk, scalh, scalch
      • Middle High German: schalc
        • German: Schalk
        • Luxembourgish: Schallek
      • → Italian: scalco (from Lombardic)
    • → Vulgar Latin: scalcus (in compounds)
      • Medieval Latin: scalcius, scalciatus
      • Old French: escalque
    • → Italian: scalco
  • Old Norse: skalkr, skálkr
  • Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐍃 (skalks)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*skalka-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 439
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003), “*skalkaz I”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 332
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