Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knukilaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *knukô (“joint, bone”) +‎ *-ilaz (“diminutive suffix”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈknu.ki.lɑz/

Noun

*knukilaz m

knuckle, small bone
knot, bump

Inflection

Declension of *knukilaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*knukilaz	knukilōz, knukilōs
vocative	*knukil	knukilōz, knukilōs
accusative	*knukilą	*knukilanz
genitive	knukilas, knukilis	*knukilǫ̂
dative	*knukilai	*knukilamaz
instrumental	*knukilō	*knukilamiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *knukil
- Old English: cnucel, cnyċel, *cnocel
  - Middle English: knokel, knokelle, knokill, knokyl, knokylle
    - English: knuckle
    - Scots: knockle
    - Yola: noughel
- Old Frisian: knokel
  - Saterland Frisian: Knouel
  - West Frisian: knokkel
- Old Saxon: *knukil
  - Middle Low German: knö̂kel, knuckel
    - Dutch Low Saxon:
      Twents: knökel
    - German Low German:
      Altmärkisch: Knäöw'l
      Westphalian:
      Dortmunder: Knüakel
      Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Knökel
      Sauerländisch: Knüekel, Knöekel (Balve), Knǖkel (Niedersfeld), Knüökel (Attendorn), Kniäkel (Kirchhundem, Selbecke)
    - Plautdietsch: Kjnäwel
    - → Danish: knogle
- Old Dutch: *knukil
  - Middle Dutch: cnôkel, cnockel
    - Dutch: knokkel, kneukel
      - Afrikaans: kneukel
    - West Flemish: knekel
- Old High German: *knuchil
  - Middle High German: knöchel
    - German: Knöchel (ankle, knuckle)
    - Hunsrik: Knechel
    - Luxembourgish: Knéchel
    - Yiddish: קנעכל (knekhl)
Old Norse: knykill
- Elfdalian: kniųokel

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*knuk(k)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 298: “*knukila-”

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*knuk(k)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 298: “*knukila-”

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