Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/oldak
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
From Proto-Uralic *wole-.
Verb
*oldak (stem *olë-)[1]
- to be
Inflection
This verb is the only clearly irregular verb in Proto-Finnic, thus, the third person present forms used the stem *om- instead of regular *ol-. The endings are also irregular, -i and -at are attached directly to the stem. Many modern Finnic languages used the third person singular present descending from shortened form *on (regularly from earlier *om).
Inflection of *oldak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *olën | *olin | — | *olgon |
| 2nd sing. | *olët | *olit | *olëk | *olgos |
| 3rd sing. | *on | *oli | *olkahën | *olkohën |
| 1st plur. | *olëkma | *olima | *olkadëma | *olkodëma |
| 2nd plur. | *olëkta | *olida | *olkada | *olgotta |
| 3rd plur. | *omat | *oli | *olkahën | *olkohën |
| passive | *olëksën *olët'aksën |
*oltihën *olëttisën |
*oltagasën *olëttakahën |
*oltagosën *olëttakohën |
| connegative | *olëk | — | *olgak | *olgok |
| passive connegative | *olëktak | — | *oltagak *olëttagak |
*oltagok *olëttagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *olëkcin | *olicin | *ollën | |
| 2nd sing. | *olëkcit | *olicit | *ollët | |
| 3rd sing. | *olëkci | *olici | *olli | |
| 1st plur. | *olëkcima | *olicima | *ollëma | |
| 2nd plur. | *olëkcita | *olicita | *ollëda | |
| 3rd plur. | *olëkci | *olici | *olli | |
| passive | *oldakcisën *olët'akcihën |
*olticisën *olëtticihën |
*oltanësën *olëttanëhën | |
| connegative | *olëkcik | *olicik | *ollëk | |
| passive connegative | *oldakcik *olët'akcik |
*olticik *olëtticik |
*oltanëk *olëttanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *oldak | present | *olëba | *oltaba *olëttapa |
| infinitive 2 | *oltë- | past | *ollut | *oltu *olëttu |
| gerund/supine | *olëma | negative | *olëmat'oin | |
| action noun | *olëminen | |||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Estonian: olema/olla
- Finnish: olla
- Ingrian: olla
- Karelian:
- Livonian: vȱlda, (Salaca) oll, old
- Livvi: olla
- Ludian: olda
- Veps: olda
- Võro: olõma/ollaq
- Votic: õllõ