Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kappilos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Alternative forms

*kappallos^[1]
*kaballos^[2]

Etymology

Unknown; perhaps a Wanderwort.^[1] See caballus.

Insular Celtic requires a preform *kappilos, sharply divergent to Latin caballus.

Noun

*kappilos m^[3]

horse
Synonym: *ekʷos

Declension

Masculine o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kappilos	*kappilou	*kappiloi
vocative	*kappile	*kappilou	*kappiloi
accusative	*kappilom	*kappilou	*kappilons
genitive	*kappilī	*kappilous	*kappilom
dative	*kappilūi	*kappilobom	*kappilobos
locative	*kappilei	*?	*?
instrumental	*kappilū	*kappilobim	*kappilūis

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *kėfɨl
- Old Breton: cefel
  - Breton: kefel
- Old Welsh: cefel, chefel
  - Middle Welsh: keffyl
    - Welsh: ceffyl
Old Irish: capall
- Irish: capall
- Manx: cabbyl
- Scottish Gaelic: capall
- → Old Norse: kapall
  - Icelandic: kapall
Gaulish: *kaballos
- →? Latin: caballus (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “caballos”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 96
^ Koch, John (2004), “*kaballo-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎^[1], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
^ Stifter, David (2024), “Prehistoric layers of loanwords in Old Irish”, in Guus Kroonen, editor, Sub-Indo-European Europe: Problems, Methods, Results (Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs), volume 375, Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, page 187

[DLG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “caballos”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 96

[2] Koch, John (2004), “*kaballo-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎^[1], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

[3] Stifter, David (2024), “Prehistoric layers of loanwords in Old Irish”, in Guus Kroonen, editor, Sub-Indo-European Europe: Problems, Methods, Results (Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs), volume 375, Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, page 187

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