Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/es

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ís.

Pronoun

*es (feminine *sī, neuter *ed, plural *eyes)

  1. he, she, it

Inflection

Irregular
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *es — *eyes
vocative *? — *?
accusative *em — *ens
genitive *esyo — *eisom
dative *esmūi — *eibos
instrumental *? — *eibis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *sī — *eyās
vocative *? — *?
accusative *eyām — *eyāns
genitive *esyās — *eyāsom
dative *esmai — *eyābos
instrumental *? — *eyābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *ed — *eyā
vocative *? — *?
accusative *ed — *eyā
genitive *esyo — *eisom
dative *esmūi — *eibos
instrumental *? — *eibis

Descendants

  • Old Irish: é, hé, hǽ
    • Irish: sé, Irish: é
    • Scottish Gaelic: e
    • Manx: eh

From the accusative *em:

  • Proto-Brythonic: *eβ̃
  • Old Irish: a- (masculine)

From the neuter *ed:

  • Old Irish: ed, hed
    • Middle Irish: ed
      • Irish: ea
      • Scottish Gaelic: eadh
  • Old Irish: a- (neuter)

From the feminine *eia-:

  • Gaulish: eiasom[2]
  • Gaulish: eiabo

References

  1. ^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ef”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
  2. ^ Blažek, Václav (2008), “Gaulish Language”, in Studia minora Facultatis philosophicae Universitatis Brunensis, number 13, Sborníku prací filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity, page 60
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