Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ardwos
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós. Cognate with Latin arduus.
Adjective
*ardwos
Inflection
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *ardwos | *ardwou | *ardwoi |
| vocative | *ardwe | *ardwou | *ardwoi |
| accusative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwons |
| genitive | *ardwī | *ardwous | *ardwom |
| dative | *ardwūi | *ardwobom | *ardwobos |
| instrumental | *ardwū | *ardwobim | *ardwobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ardwā | *ardwai | *ardwās |
| vocative | *ardwā | *ardwai | *ardwās |
| accusative | *ardwam | *ardwai | *ardwans |
| genitive | *ardwās | *ardwous | *ardwom |
| dative | *ardwai | *ardwābom | *ardwābos |
| instrumental | *? | *ardwābim | *ardwābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwā |
| vocative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwā |
| accusative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwā |
| genitive | *ardwī | *ardwous | *ardwom |
| dative | *ardwūi | *ardwobom | *ardwobos |
| instrumental | *ardwū | *ardwobim | *ardwobis |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *ardwyūs | *? | *ardwyoses |
| vocative | *ardwyūs | *? | *ardwyoses |
| accusative | *ardwyosam | *? | *ardwyosans |
| genitive | *ardwisos | *? | *ardwisom |
| dative | *ardwisei | *? | *ardwisbos |
| instrumental | *ardwisī | *? | *ardwisbis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ardwyūs | *? | *ardwyoses |
| vocative | *ardwyūs | *? | *ardwyoses |
| accusative | *ardwyosam | *? | *ardwyosans |
| genitive | *ardwisos | *? | *ardwisom |
| dative | *ardwisei | *? | *ardwisbos |
| instrumental | *ardwisī | *? | *ardwisbis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ardwis | *? | *? |
| vocative | *ardwis | *? | *? |
| accusative | *ardwis | *? | *? |
| genitive | *ardwisos | *? | *ardwisom |
| dative | *ardwisei | *? | *ardwisbos |
| instrumental | *ardwisī | *? | *ardwisbis |
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *arð
- Old Breton: ard, art
- Breton: arz
- Old Irish: ard
- Gaulish: Arduenna (place name)
References
R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ardd”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies