涵

涵	U+6DB5, 涵 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6DB5

← 涴
[U+6DB4]

CJK Unified Ideographs

涶 →
[U+6DB6]

Translingual

Han character

涵 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 水弓山水 (ENUE), four-corner 3117₂, composition ⿰氵函)

Derived characters

𦶷, 𥲌

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 628, character 13
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17595
Dae Jaweon: page 1030, character 5
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1665, character 4
Unihan data for U+6DB5

Chinese

trad.		涵
simp. ^#		涵
alternative forms		𣹢

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 涵
Shang	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (函) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
蜬	kuːm, ɡuːm
函	ɡuːm, ɡruːm
涵	ɡuːm, ɡuːmʔ
顄	ɡuːm, ɡuːmʔ
圅	*ɡuːm
菡	*ɡuːmʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡuːm, *ɡuːmʔ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 函 (OC *ɡuːm, *ɡruːm).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hán (han²)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): haam⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): hàm

(Hailu, HRS): ham

(Meixian, Guangdong): ham²
Eastern Min (BUC): hàng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ang² / hang²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): âm / âⁿ / hâm

(Teochew, Peng'im): ham⁵
Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁶ghoe / ²ghoe / ²gheen

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hán
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hán
  - Wade–Giles: han²
  - Yale: hán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harn
  - Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xän³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: haam⁴
  - Yale: hàahm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haam⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ham⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːm²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hàm
  - Hakka Romanization System: ham^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ham²
  - Sinological IPA: /ham¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: ham
  - Sinological IPA: /ham⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ham²
  - Sinological IPA: /ham¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hàng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haŋ⁵³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ang²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: áng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /aŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou, Youyang)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ang²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /aŋ²⁴/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hang²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: háng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou, Youyang)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hang²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haŋ²⁴/

Note:

ang2 - vernacular;
hang2 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âm
  - Tâi-lô: âm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: aam
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /am¹³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /am²³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /am²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: ânn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: vaa
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ã¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /ã²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâm
  - Tâi-lô: hâm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: haam
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ham²³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ham²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ham¹³/

Note:

âm/âⁿ - vernacular;
hâm - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: ham⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hâm
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham⁵⁵/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶ghoe
  - MiniDict: ghoe^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhoe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦø²³/
- (Northern: Suzhou, Changzhou)
  - Wugniu: ²ghoe
  - MiniDict: ghoe^平
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ɦø²²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /ɦɵ¹³/
- (Northern: Shaoxing)
  - Wugniu: ²gheen
  - MiniDict: ghen^平
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /ɦẽ²³¹/

Middle Chinese: hom, homX

Rime
Character	涵	涵
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	覃 (159)	覃 (159)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	胡男切	胡感切
Baxter	hom	homX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦʌm/	/ɦʌm^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦəm/	/ɦəm^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɒm/	/ɣɒm^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəm/	/ɦəm^X/
Li Rong	/ɣᴀm/	/ɣᴀm^X/
Wang Li	/ɣɒm/	/ɣɒm^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣăm/	/ɣăm^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hán	hàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ham⁴	ham⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤ[o]m/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡuːm/, /*ɡuːmʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	涵
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hán
Middle Chinese	‹ hom ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁ[o]m/
English	soak, overflow
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	涵	涵
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	4862	4867
Phonetic component	函	函
Rime group	侵	侵
Rime subdivision	3	3
Corresponding MC rime	含	頷
Old Chinese	/*ɡuːm/	/*ɡuːmʔ/

Definitions

涵

to soak; to wet
to tolerate; to forgive; to be lenient
to immerse
a culvert
alternative form of 含 (“to contain, to bear”)

Compounds

內涵 / 内涵 (nèihán)
包涵 (bāohán)
包涵兒 / 包涵儿
海涵 (hǎihán)
涵化 (hánhuà)
涵咀
涵容
涵泳
涵洞 (hándòng)
涵淹
涵濡
涵煦
涵管
涵義 / 涵义 (hányì)
涵蓋 / 涵盖 (hángài)
涵蓄 (hánxù)
涵虛 / 涵虚
涵養 / 涵养 (hányǎng)
渾涵 / 浑涵
箱涵
茹古涵今
蘊涵 / 蕴涵 (yùnhán)

Japanese

Kanji

涵

(Hyōgai kanji)

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Readings

On (unclassified): かん (kan)
Kun: ひたす (hitasu, 涵す)

Korean

Hanja

涵 (eum 함 (ham))

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Vietnamese

Han character

涵: Hán Nôm readings: hàm

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References

Nom Foundation