垣

垣	U+57A3, 垣 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-57A3

← 垢
[U+57A2]

CJK Unified Ideographs

垤 →
[U+57A4]

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order

垣 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 土一日一 (GMAM), four-corner 4111₆, composition ⿰土亘)

low wall

Derived characters

𭈲, 𭝧

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 228, character 20
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5060
Dae Jaweon: page 464, character 17
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 437, character 11
Unihan data for U+57A3

Chinese

simp. and trad.		垣

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 垣
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (亘) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
烜	qʰrolʔ, qʰonʔ
貆	qʰoːn, ɡoːn, *qʰon
峘	ɡoːn, ɡɯːŋ
狟	*ɡoːn
絙	ɡoːn, kɯːŋ
荁	*ɡoːn
宣	*sqʰon
咺	*qʰonʔ
暅	*qʰonʔ
桓	*ɡʷaːn
洹	ɡʷaːn, ɢʷan
揎	*sqʰʷan
愃	sqʰʷan, qʰʷanʔ
瑄	*sqʰʷan
渲	*sqʰʷans
喧	*qʰʷan
萱	*qʰʷan
暄	*qʰʷan
諠	*qʰʷan
翧	*qʰʷan
蝖	*qʰʷan
垣	*ɢʷan
楦	*qʰʷans

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢʷan): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 亘 (xuān).

Etymology

Borrowed from Tocharian B wänt-, Tocharian A wänt- (“to envelop, to surround”).^[1]

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yuán (yuan²)

(Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): wun⁴
Eastern Min (BUC): uòng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hoeng² / hyoeng²
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hoân

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yuán
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yuán
  - Wade–Giles: yüan²
  - Yale: ywán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuan
  - Palladius: юань (juanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɥɛn³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: wun⁴
  - Yale: wùhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wun⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: wun⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /wuːn²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: uòng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /uoŋ⁵³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hoeng²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hé̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hœŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hyoeng²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hyøŋ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoân
  - Tâi-lô: huân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoaan
  - IPA (Xiamen): /huan²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /huan²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /huan¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /huan²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /huan²³/

Middle Chinese: hjwon

Rime
Character	垣
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	云 (35)
Final (韻)	元 (66)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	雨元切
Baxter	hjwon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦʉɐn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷiɐn/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣiuɐn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦuan/
Li Rong	/ɣiuɐn/
Wang Li	/ɣĭwɐn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯wɐn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yuán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyun⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷar/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷan/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	垣
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yuán
Middle Chinese	‹ hjwon ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ʷar/
English	wall
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	垣
Reading #	1/1
No.	14017
Phonetic component	亘
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	袁
Old Chinese	/*ɢʷan/

Definitions

垣

Compounds

三垣
垝垣
城垣 (chéngyuán)
垣墉 (yuányōng)
垣牆 / 垣墙
垣衣
堧垣
女垣
宸垣
寒垣
屬垣 / 属垣
屬垣有耳 / 属垣有耳
張垣 / 张垣 (Zhāngyuán)
掖垣
敗宇頹垣 / 败宇颓垣
新垣 (xīnyuán)
斷井頹垣 / 断井颓垣
斷垣殘壁 / 断垣残壁 (duànyuáncánbì)
斷壁殘垣 / 断壁残垣 (duànbìcányuán)
斷壁頹垣 / 断壁颓垣
殘垣敗壁 / 残垣败壁
泥垣宮 / 泥垣宫
牆垣 / 墙垣 (qiángyuán)
省垣
短垣自逾
破屋壞垣 / 破屋坏垣
破瓦頹垣 / 破瓦颓垣
籬垣 / 篱垣
粉垣
補垣塞穴 / 补垣塞穴
襄垣縣 / 襄垣县
西垣
踰垣 / 逾垣
鑽穴踰垣 / 钻穴逾垣
陳垣 / 陈垣

References

^ Alexander Lubotsky (1998), “Tocharian Loan Words in Old Chinese: Chariots, Chariot Gear, and Town Building”, in The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age peoples of Eastern Central Asia, pages 379-390

“垣”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “垣”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 294.

Japanese

Kanji

垣

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

Go-on: おん (on)^{←をん (won, historical)}
Kan-on: えん (en)^{←ゑん (wen, historical)}
Kun: かき (kaki, 垣, Jōyō)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
垣
かき Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese 垣 (kaki₁), from Proto-Japonic *kaki.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かき [kàkíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ka̠kʲi]

(Kyoto) かき [káꜜkì] (Kōki)

Historical evolution of the Kyoto pitch accent

※ H for high and flat syllables (◌́), L for low and flat syllables (◌̀), F for high-to-low syllables (◌̂), R for low-to-high syllables (◌̌).

Noun

垣(かき) • (kaki)

[from 712] a fence (wooden object to separate boundaries)
(by extension from the "fence" meaning) an impediment to an action; an obstacle; a barrier; a fence
a corridor; also a sliding screen to separate such
[from 1663] (hapax legomenon) synonym of 垣立 (kakitatsu, “a fence shaped like a railing that forms the upper part of a Japanese ship”)
a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with various fences

Derived terms

垣(かき)網(あみ) (kakiami)
垣(かき)内(うち) (kakiuchi)
垣(かき)壁(かべ) (kakikabe)
垣(かき)形(がた) (kakigata)
垣(かき)際(ぎわ) (kakigiwa)
垣(かき)杭(ぐい) (kakigui)
垣(かき)越(ご)し (kakigoshi)
垣(かき)衣(ごろも) (kakigoromo)
垣(かき)柴(しば) (kakishiba)
垣(かき)代(しろ) (kakishiro)
垣(かき)城(じろ) (kakijiro)
垣(かき)田(た) (kakita)
垣(かき)立(たつ) (kakitatsu)
垣(かき)立(たて) (kakitate)
垣(かき)出(だ)し (kakidashi)
垣(かき)棚(だな) (kakidana)
垣(かき)小鳥(ちんない) (kakichinnai)
垣(かき)続(つづ)き (kakitsuzuki)
垣(カキ)通(ドオシ) (kakidōshi)
垣(かき)隣(どなり) (kakidonari)
垣(かき)留(どめ) (kakidome)
垣(かき)根(ね) (kakine), 垣(かい)根(ね) (kaine)
垣(かき)除(のぞ)き (kakinozoki)
垣(かき)辺(べ) (kakibe)
垣(かき)縁(べり) (kakiberi)
垣(かき)穂(ほ) (kakiho)
垣(かき)蔟(まぶし) (kakimabushi)
垣(かき)面(も) (kakimo)
垣(かき)屋(や) (kakiya)
垣(かき)破(やぶ)り (kakiyaburi)
垣(かき)山(やま) (kakiyama)
垣(かき)寄(より) (kakiyori)
垣(かく)内(ち) (kakuchi)
垣(かい)代(しろ) (kaishiro)
垣(かい)楯(だて) (kaidate)
垣(かい)内(ち) (kaichi)
垣(かい)内(と) (kaito)
垣(かい)外(と) (kaito)
垣(かい)間(ま)見(み)る (kaimamiru), 垣(かい)間(ば)見(み)る (kaibamiru)
垣(かい)間(ま)見(み)せる (kaimamiseru)
垣(かい)本(もと) (kaimoto)

References

^ Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Dai-ni-han Henshū I'inkai (日本国語大辞典第二版編集委員会) (2001-2002), 日本国語大辞典　第二版 [Unabridged Japanese Dictionary: Second Edition], Tokyo (東京都): Shōgakukan (小学館), →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Vietnamese

Han character

垣: Hán Nôm readings: viên

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[1] Alexander Lubotsky (1998), “Tocharian Loan Words in Old Chinese: Chariots, Chariot Gear, and Town Building”, in The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age peoples of Eastern Central Asia, pages 379-390

[NKD2P-2] Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Dai-ni-han Henshū I'inkai (日本国語大辞典第二版編集委員会) (2001-2002), 日本国語大辞典　第二版 [Unabridged Japanese Dictionary: Second Edition], Tokyo (東京都): Shōgakukan (小学館), →ISBN

[DJR-3] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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