出る

Japanese

Kanji in this term
出
で Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
射精る (neologism, sex)

Etymology

⟨idu⟩ → /id͡zu/ → /d͡zu/ → /d͡zuru/ → /deru/

From Old Japanese 出づ (idu), from Proto-Japonic *intu.

The initial i fell out in compounds where the preceding element ended in i. The du form on its own was not used much outside of compounds until the Kamakura period.^[1]^[2]

The ending then shifted from -duru (modern -dzuru) to -deru, a shift common to all 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs that occurred from the late Muromachi period through the early Edo period.

Some sources trace the development instead as ⟨idu⟩ → ⟨iduru⟩ → /id͡zuru/ → /d͡zuru/ → /deru/.^[3]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) でる [déꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]^[5]^[6]
(Mishima) でる [dèrú] (Heiban – [0])^[4]
IPA^(key): [de̞ɾɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 出る

Plain	出る	でる	`[déꜜrù]`
Conjunctive	出て	でて	`[déꜜtè]`
Perfective	出た	でた	`[déꜜtà]`
Negative	出ない	でない	`[déꜜnàì]`
Negative perfective	出なかった	でなかった	`[déꜜnàkàttà]`
Hypothetical conditional	出れば	でれば	`[déꜜrèbà]`
Past conditional	出たら	でたら	`[déꜜtàrà]`
Imperative	出ろ出よ	でろでよ	`[déꜜrò]` `[déꜜyò]`
Volitional	出よう	でよー	`[dèyóꜜò]`
Desiderative	出たい	でたい	`[dètáꜜì]`
Formal	出ます	でます	`[dèmáꜜsù]`
Formal negative	出ません	でません	`[dèmáséꜜǹ]`
Formal volitional	出ましょう	でましょー	`[dèmáshóꜜò]`
Formal perfective	出ました	でました	`[dèmáꜜshìtà]`
Continuative	出出に	ででに	`[déꜜ]` `[déꜜ nì]`
Negative continuative	出ず出ずに	でずでずに	`[déꜜzù]` `[déꜜzù nì]`
Passive	出られる	でられる	`[dèráréꜜrù]`
Causative	出させる出さす	でさせるでさす	`[dèsáséꜜrù]` `[dèsáꜜsù]`
Potential	出られる出れる	でられるでれる	`[dèráréꜜrù]` `[dèréꜜrù]`

Verb

出(で)る • (deru) intransitive ichidan (stem 出(で) (de), past 出(で)た (deta))

Japanese verb pair
active	出(だ)す
mediopassive	出(で)る

to leave a place
部(へ)屋(や)を出(で)る ― heya o deru ― to leave a room

Antonym: 入る (hairu)
to go out
外(そと)に出(で)る。 ― soto ni deru. ― I'll go outside.

旅(たび)に出(で)る。 ― tabi ni deru. ― I'll go out on a trip.
to come forth, to be or become apparent, to appear
お化(ば)けが出(で)た。 ― obake ga deta. ― A spirit appeared.

血(ち)が出(で)ているよ。 ― chi ga dete iru yo. ― You're bleeding. (literally, “Blood is coming out.”)
to make an appearance, to appear
- 2007, various contributors, 石川セリ (Ishikawa Seri), in Japanese Wikipedia, [2]
  もっとテレビに出(で)て下(くだ)さい。
  Motto terebi ni dete kudasai.
  Please make more TV appearances.
社(しゃ)会(かい)に出(で)る ― shakai ni deru ― to go out into the world; to enter society
(by extension) to answer (the phone or door)
電(でん)話(わ)に出(で)る。 ― denwa ni deru. ― I'll answer the phone.

私(わたし)が出(で)る。 ― watashi ga deru. ― I'll answer the door.
出る, 射精る: (vulgar, specifically of semen) to exit the penis during ejaculation
- 2018 March 31, ウナギンチャク (Unaginchaku), “Alexa(アレクサ)による射(しゃ)精(せい)管(かん)理(り) (Arekusa ni yoru shasei kanri)”, in YouTube‎^[3]:
  
  「出(で)ちゃう。」「ほら。ほら。我(が)慢(まん)。我(が)慢(まん)ですよ。許(きょ)可(か)なく出(だ)したらお仕(し)置(お)きですからね？」「出(で)ちゃうー。」
  “Dechau.”“Hora. Hora. Gaman. Gaman desu yo. Kyoka naku dashitara o-shioki desu kara ne?”“Dechaū.”
  "I'm going to come." "Now, now. Patience. Have patience. Because if you come without permission there's a punishment, alright?" "I'm really going to come—."

Conjugation

Conjugation of "出る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	出	で	de
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	出	で	de
Shūshikei ("terminal")	出る	でる	deru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	出る	でる	deru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	出れ	でれ	dere
Meireikei ("imperative")	出よ¹ 出ろ²	でよ¹ でろ²	deyo¹ dero²
Key constructions
Passive	出られる	でられる	derareru
Causative	出させる出さす	でさせるでさす	desaseru desasu
Potential	出られる出れる³	でられるでれる³	derareru dereru³
Volitional	出よう	でよう	deyō
Negative	出ない出ぬ出ん	でないでぬでん	denai denu den
Negative continuative	出ず	でず	dezu
Formal	出ます	でます	demasu
Perfective	出た	でた	deta
Conjunctive	出て	でて	dete
Hypothetical conditional	出れば	でれば	dereba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential

Derived terms

出(で) (de)
現(あらわ)れ出(で)る (arawarederu)
浮(う)かれ出(で)る (ukarederu)
染(し)み出(で)る (shimideru)
取(と)って出(で)る (tottederu)
滲(にじ)み出(で)る (nijimideru)
罷(まか)り出(で)る (makarideru)
旅(たび)に出(で)る (tabi ni deru)
出(で)て来(く)る (detekuru)

Idioms

出(で)る所(ところ)へ出(で)る (deru tokoro e deru)
意(い)表(ひょう)に出(で)る (ihyō ni deru)
挙(きょ)に出(で)る (kyo ni deru)
下(した)手(て)に出(で)る (shitate ni deru)
反(へ)吐(ど)が出(で)る (hedo ga deru)

Proverbs

出(で)る杭(くい)は打(う)たれる (deru kui wa utareru)
出(で)る釘(くぎ)は打(う)たれる (deru kugi wa utareru)

References

^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ Uwano, Zendo (31 October 2002), “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim]‎^[1], →ISSN, archived from the original on 25 September 2022
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

“出る”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[4] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

[KDJ-1] Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJS-3] Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[4] Uwano, Zendo (31 October 2002), “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim]‎^[1], →ISSN, archived from the original on 25 September 2022

[SMK5-5] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-6] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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