Page:The Esperanto Teacher.pdf/78

al, to, towards,

apud, beside, near, by.

da, of (indefinite quantity)

de, of, from, by.

el, out of.

en, in, into, within.

ekster, outside.

ĝis, until, till, as far as.

inter, between, among.

kontraŭ, against, opposite.

kun, (in company) with.

laŭ, according to.

per, by means of, with.

post, after, behind.

pri, concerning, about.

por, for, for the sake of.

sen, without.

super, above, over.

sur, on, upon.

tra, through.

trans, across, on the other side.

je (has no definite meaning).

(These words are called Prepositions, which means placed before).

The other simple prepositions are—

anstataŭ, instead of.

antaŭ, before.

ĉe, at, with.

ĉirkaŭ, about, around.

krom, besides, except.

malgraŭ, notwithstanding, in spite of.

po, at the rate of.

pro, for (cause), owing to

preter, past, beyond, by.

spite, in despite of.

sub, under.

The prepositions anstataŭ, antaŭ (ol), and por are also used before Infinitive verbs, as anstataŭ diri, instead of saying (to say); antaŭ ol paroli, before speaking; por lerni, in order to learn.

In Esperanto all the prepositions except “je” have a definite meaning, and care must be taken to use the one which conveys the exact sense. The same word cannot be used for “with” in the two sentences “He went with his father” and “He cut it with a knife,” or for “about” in “He spoke about his child” and “They stood about the stove.” In the first example “with” his father is “kun,” in company with, Li iris kun sia patro, and “with” a knife is “per,” by means of, Li tranĉis ĝin per tranĉilo. “About,” in “about his