Page:The Esperanto Teacher.pdf/111

(5) Personal Pronouns: mi, vi, li, ŝi, ĝi (referring to thing or animal), si, ni, vi, ili, oni; the possessive pronouns are formed by the addition of the adjectival termination. Declension is as with the substantives.

(6) The Verb undergoes no change with regard to person or number. Forms of the verb; time being (Present) takes the termination -as; time been (Past) -is,; time about to be (Future) -os; the Conditional mood -us; the Ordering mood -u; the Indefinite -i. Participles (with an adjectival or adverbial sense): active present -ant; active past -int; active future -ont; passive present -at; passive past -it; passive future -ot. All forms of the passive are formed by the aid of a corresponding form of the verb esti and a passive participle of the required verb; the preposition with the passive is de.

(7) Adverbs end in e; degrees of comparison as with the adjectives.

(8) All the Prepositions require the nominative.

(9) Every word is read as it is written.

(10) The Accent is always on the penultimate syllable.

(11) Compound words are formed by simple junction of the words (the chief word stands at the end); the grammatical terminations are also regarded as independent words.

(12) When another NEGATIVE word is present the word ne is left out.

(13) In order to show DIRECTION words take the termination of the accusative.

(14) Each Preposition has a definite and constant meaning; but if we have to use some preposition and the direct sense does not indicate to us what special preposition we are to take, then we use the preposition je, which has no meaning of its own. Instead of the preposition je we can also use the accusative without a preposition.