Reverse logic

Multiple realities
(covers information from several alternate timelines)

Reverse logic was the practice of determining the correct answer by eliminating invalid ones.

In 2268, Captain James T. Kirk recommend Spock use reverse logic, determining what the unknown threat was by eliminating all the things it was not. According to the Vulcan, it was not liquid, gaseous, or solid, nor was it a galactic nebula. (TOS: "The Immunity Syndrome")

In 2258 of the alternate reality, Spock maintained (regarding the likelihood that the Narada originated from the future) that "If you eliminate the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth." (Star Trek)

In 2293, Spock attributed this saying to an ancestor of his, quoting it to make a point that torpedos which could not have been fired by the USS Enterprise-A must have been fired by someone else. (Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country)